What Will You Learn?

• The political, social, economic, military, and cultural advancements of Islamic civilization are all covered in the history of Islam. Most historians hold that Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the beginning of the 7th century CE is when Islam first emerged. However, Muslims view this period as a return to the original faith that the Abrahamic prophets—Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus—passed down to us with the submission (Islām) to God's will.
• The traditional account states that in 610 CE, the Islamic prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims believe to be divine revelations, which called for submission to the one God, readiness for the impending Last Judgement, and charity for the impoverished and needy. As Muhammad's message attracted followers, the Meccan elites also became more hostile and persecuted Muhammad.  Muhammad fled to Yathrib (now known as Medina), where he started uniting the tribes of Arabia under Islam.  After that, he returned to Mecca to seize control in 630 and commanded the destruction of all pagan idols.  By the time of his death in approximately 11 AH (632 CE), nearly all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam , but disagreements remained.
• Islam spread because of the early Muslim conquests.  By the eighth century CE, the Umayyad Caliphate stretched from Muslim Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. Among the most powerful nations in the world were the polities headed by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates (in the Middle East and later in Spain and Southern Italy), the Fatimids, the Seljuks, the Ayyubids, and the Mamluks. The highly Persianized empires of the Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids made a substantial contribution to advancements in science and governance. During the Middle Ages, the Islamic Golden Age produced eminent polymaths, astronomers, mathematicians, physicians, and philosophers and gave rise to numerous centres of culture and science.
• While Turkic dynasties like the Sultanate of Rum and the Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire during the 11th and 12th centuries, the Delhi Sultanate had already taken control of the northern Indian subcontinent by the early 13th century. Following the deportation and enslavement of the Muslim Moors from the Emirate of Sicily and other Italian territories [21], Islamic Iberia was gradually conquered by Christian forces during the Reconquista. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the traditional centres of the Muslim world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, were greatly weakened by destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane (Timur) from the east, along with the loss of population due to the Black Death. However, this period also saw the emergence of the Timurid Renaissance and major global economic powers like the Mali Empire in West Africa and the Bengal Sultanate in South Asia. However, the nations of the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders—Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran—became major global powers in the early modern era.
• The majority of the Muslim world was ruled directly or by the European Great Powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Over the course of the last 200 years, some of their attempts to gain independence and establish contemporary nation-states have had lasting effects and have fueled conflict in areas like Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, Xinjiang, Chechnya, Central Africa, Bosnia, and Myanmar. The Gulf Cooperation Council's Arab States, which include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, were stabilised by the oil boom and became the world's leading oil producers and exporters with an emphasis on free trade, capitalism, and tourism.